From Stochastic Self?Assembly of Nanoparticles to Nanostructured (Photo)Electrocatalysts for Renewable Power?to?X Applications via Scalable Flame Synthesis

Environmentally friendly routes from “Power-to-X” (P2X) technologies to sustainably harvest and store renewable energy with net-zero CO2 emission are imperative. The concept of P2X relies on (photo)electrolysis earth-abundant molecules into value-added products. For practical utilization, engineering robust, active, albeit inexpensive (photo)electrocatalysts via industrially compatible is indeed crucial. In this context, flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) stands as an emerging approach for one-step synthesis ready-to-use production rates Kg h-1 in lab-scales. While features FSP engineer nanomaterials have been summarised, there a need more critical discussions key factors, modulating properties flame-made catalysts. Therefore, review article will first provide overview about the catalyst development strategies. Unique characteristic flame-synthesized nano-catalysts including compositions, fractal morphologies, defects, active sites be then critically discussed. Furthermore, potential electrode-assembly technique preparation catalysts gas diffusion layers industry-relevant electrolyser testing presented. Finally, perspectives challenges opportunities energies raised. This insights versatility commercial viability route novel nanostructured applications.